1. With reference to the Vijayanagara Empire, consider the following statements:
1. Temples functioned only as religious centres without economic roles.
2. The state invested heavily in irrigation infrastructure like tanks and canals.
3. Overseas trade formed an important component of its economy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 2 only
2. The Right to Disconnect Bill is constitutionally significant because it is linked to:
A. Article 14 and equality at workplace
B. Article 19 and freedom of expression
C. Article 21 and individual autonomy
D. Article 23 and protection against exploitation
3. With reference to India’s startup funding in 2025, consider the following statements:
1. The funding decline indicates a cyclical collapse of the ecosystem.
2. DeepTech and AI-led manufacturing emerged as key growth drivers.
3. Late-stage funding increased due to renewed risk appetite.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
4. The term “freshwater lid” in the context of the Southern Ocean refers to:
A. Permanent ice shelves preventing air–sea gas exchange
B. Stratified, low-salinity surface waters limiting vertical mixing
C. Reduced wind stress over polar oceans
D. Absence of deep ocean circulation
5. With reference to the Great Indian Bustard (GIB), consider the following statements:
1. It is endemic to India and primarily dependent on grassland ecosystems.
2. It is listed under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
3. It acts as an indicator species for grassland health.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
6. The conservation of the Great Indian Bustard most directly reflects which constitutional principle?
A. Absolute priority of economic development
B. Separation of powers
C. State’s duty to protect wildlife and environment
D. Free trade and commerce
7. With reference to ASW Shallow Water Craft (SWC) inducted by the Indian Navy, consider the following statements:
1. They are optimised for anti-submarine operations in coastal and shallow waters.
2. They are the largest Indian naval vessels to use waterjet propulsion.
3. They are imported platforms with limited indigenous content.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
8. The Right to a Healthy Environment in India is primarily derived from which constitutional provision through judicial interpretation?
A. Article 14
B. Article 19
C. Article 21
D. Article 32
9. With reference to GhostPairing, consider the following statements:
1. It exploits WhatsApp’s Linked Devices feature to gain unauthorised access.
2. It requires SIM cloning to hijack accounts.
3.The attack is based on social engineering rather than malware.
Which of the above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 & 2 only
C. 1 & 3 only
D. 1, 2 & 3
10. Consider the following statements regarding Sivakalai archaeological site:
1. Carbon dating places iron usage at around 5300 years BP.
2. It currently represents the earliest known Iron Age evidence globally.
3. The findings were validated by the Archaeological Survey of India alone.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 & 2 only
C. 1 & 3 only
D. 1, 2 & 3
