National Current Affairs – UPSC/KAS Exams- 7th May 2019
Genetic study on people of Lakshadweep Islands
Topic: Science and Technology
In News: Genetic studies done on the people of the archipelago by a team led by K. Thangaraj at CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), for the first time, have shown that a majority of human ancestry in Lakshadweep is largely derived from South Asia with minor influences from East and West Eurasia. And, there was no evidence of early human migration through the Lakshadweep islands.
More on the Topic:
- Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands, scattered over approximately 78,000 square km of the Arabian Sea, 200-440 kms off the south-western coast of India, with a population of approximately 65,000. However, the genetic composition of the first human settlement of this archipelago is not clear.
- The islands were known to sailors since ancient times and historical documents say that the spread of Buddhism to these islands happened during 6th century B.C. and Islam was spread by in 661 A.D. by Arabians. Cholas ruled the islands in 11th century, Portuguese in 16th century, Ali Rajahs in 17th, Tipu Sultan in 18th before the British Raj of 19th century.
The Findings:
- DNA samples were analysed, of 557 individuals from eight major islands for mitochondrial DNA, and 166 individuals for Y chromosome markers. The researchers found a strong founder effect for both paternal and maternal lineages — a sign that the island population had limited genetic mixing.
- The authors have studied the major islands of Agatti, Andorth, Bitra, Chetlat, Kadmat, Kalpeni, Kiltan and Minicoy of Lakshadweep and demonstrated a close genetic link of Lakshadweep islanders with people from Maldives, Sri Lanka and India.
Source: The Hindu
The Global Assessment Report
Topic: Environment and Ecology
In News: A report named Global Assessment published by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found that up to one million of Earth’s estimated eight million plant, insect and animal species is at risk of extinction, many within decades.
More on the Topic:
- Relentless pursuit of economic growth, twinned with the impact of climate change, has put an ”unprecedented” one million species at risk of extinction, scientists said in the landmark report on the damage done by modern civilisation to the natural world.
- Compiled by 145 expert authors from 50 countries, the study is a cornerstone of an emerging body of research that suggests the world may need to embrace a new “post-growth” form of economics if it is to avert the existential risks posed by the mutually-reinforcing consequences of pollution, habitat destruction and carbon emissions.
- The essential, interconnected web of life on Earth is getting smaller and increasingly frayed. “This loss is a direct result of human activity and constitutes a direct threat to human well-being in all regions of the world.”
Major Drivers for Species Extinction:
- The authors identified industrial farming and fishing as major drivers with the current rate of species extinction tens to hundreds of times higher than the average over the last 10 million years.
- Climate change caused by burning the coal, oil and gas produced by the fossil fuel industry is exacerbating the losses, the report found.
- The report’s blunt language echoed the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which said in October that profound economic and social changes would be needed to curb greenhouse gases quickly enough to avert the most devastating consequences of a warming world.
Way Forward:
- Only a wide-ranging transformation of the global economic and financial system could pull ecosystems that are vital to the future of human communities worldwide back from the brink of collapse.
- It would be possible to start conserving, restoring and using nature sustainably only if societies were prepared to confront “vested interests” committed to preserving the status quo.
Model Mains Question:Discuss the consequences of Climate Change on biodiversity.
Source: The Hindu
KVIC distributes over 1 lakh bee-boxes under ‘Honey Mission’
Topic: Government Initiatives
In News: Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) has distributed more than one lakh bee-boxes among farmers and unemployed youths across the country in less than two years under its ‘Honey Mission’ initiative.
More on the topic:
- The mission they have created more than 10,000 new jobs, besides creating around 25,000 additional man days through the fabrication of bee boxes and honey extractors.
- ‘Honey Mission’ was launched in August 2017 in line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s call for ‘Sweet Revolution’ in 2016 while introducing Banas Honey project at Deesa in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district.
- The KVIC has also provided beekeepers practical training about examination of honeybee colonies, acquaintance with apicultural equipments, identification and management of bee enemies and diseases, honey extraction and wax purification, and management of bee colonies in spring, summer, monsoon, autumn and winter seasons.
- Being the nodal agency of Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), the KVIC would provide loans for setting up units of processing, packaging and labelling units for the honey.
Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC):
- The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body formed by the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, ‘Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956‘.
- It is an apex organisation under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India, which seeks to – “plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadi and village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.
- In April 1957, it took over the work of former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board. Its head office is based in Mumbai whereas its six zonal offices in Delhi, Bhopal, Bangalore, Kolkata, Mumbai and Guwahati. Other than its zonal offices, it has offices in 29 states for the implementation of its various programmes.
Source: The Hindu
Grizzled Giant Squirrel
Topic: Environment and Ecology
In News: For the first time, researchers have sighted nests of the grizzled giant squirrel, an endangered species listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 at Pakkamalai Reserve Forests near Gingee in the Eastern Ghats.
More on the Topic:
- The grizzled giant squirrel is usually known to nest in the Western Ghats in Southern India ranging from Chinnar Wildlife sanctuary in Kerala to Anamalai Tiger Reserve and Palani hills in Tamil Nadu.
- Owing to habitat loss and poaching, the species has been categorised as near threatened by the Red List and listed under Schedule II of CITES.
- Habitat loss coupled with hunting for its fur and bushmeat by the locals are said to be the major threats to this species.
- Several diverse and endangered species including the Golden Gecko, Bamboo Pit Viper and Mouse Deer have also been spotted in the Pakkamalai Reserve Forests.
Source:The Hindu
Aditya- L1 mission
Topic: Science and Technology
In News: The Indian Space Research Organization is planning to launch Aditya- L1 mission to study the sun early in 2020.
More on the Topic:
- Aditya- L1 mission is India’s first solar mission which will study the sun’s outer most layers, the corona and the chromospheres and collect data about coronal mass ejection, which will also yield information for space weather prediction.
- The data from Aditya mission will be immensely helpful in discriminating between different models for the origin of solar storms and also for constraining how the storms evolve and what path they take through the interplanetary space from the Sun to the Earth.
- Aditya- L1 satellite will be placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the sun-earth system.
About Lagrangian Point:
- Lagrangian points are the locations in space where the combined gravitational pull of two large masses roughly balances each other.
- Any small mass placed at that location will remain at constant distances relative to the large masses.
- There are five such points in the Sun-Earth system and they are denoted as L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.
- A halo orbit is a periodic three-dimensional orbit near the L1, L2 or L3.
Source: The Hindu
Dissent in the Election Commission
Topic: Polity and Governance
In News: Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa has dissented with the opinion of his colleagues in the Election Commission in five different matters pertaining to alleged violations of the Model Code of Conduct.
More on the Topic:
- Section 10 (Disposal of business by Election Commission) of The Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991, lays down that “all business of the Election Commission shall, as far as possible, be transacted unanimously”.
- Dissent is, however, provided for in the Act itself, which says: “If the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners (ECs) differ in opinion on any matter, such matter shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority”.
- The CEC and ECs are appointed by the President to a tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. They enjoy the same status and receive salary and perks as judges of the Supreme Court of India.
About Election Commission of India:
- The Election Commission of India draws its authority from the Constitution itself. Under Article 324, the powers of “superintendence, direction and control of elections” is to be vested in an Election Commission.”
- The Constitution does not, however, fix the size of the Election Commission. Article 324(2) says that “the Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the President may from time to time fix”.
- From the beginning, the Election Commission of India consisted of just the Chief Election Commissioner. However, on October 16, 1989, the Congress government of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi appointed two more Election Commissioners, making the Election Commission a multi-member body.
- The appointments were done just before the commencement of the Ninth General Election, and were criticized as being an attempt to compromise the independence of the Election Commission and of CEC RVS Peri Sastri.
- On January 2, 1990, the National Front government of Prime Minister VP Singh amended the rules, making the Election Commission a single-member body again.
- However, on October 1, 1993, the government of Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao promulgated an Ordinance to provide for the appointment of two more Election Commissioners.
- The Election Commission has had three members ever since. The Ordinance was subsequently replaced by The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1993, which came into effect on January 4, 1994.
Source: Indian Express
